Education and training requirements for Physicists and astronomersBecause most jobs are in basic research and development, a doctoral degree is the usual educational requirement for physicists and astronomers. Additional experience and training in a postdoctoral research appointment, although not required, is important for physicists and astronomers aspiring to permanent positions in basic research in universities and government laboratories. Many physics and astronomy Ph.D. holders ultimately teach at the college or university level. Master�s degree holders usually do not qualify for basic research positions but do qualify for many kinds of jobs requiring a physics background, including positions in manufacturing and applied research and development. Increasingly, many master�s degree programs specifically prepare students for physics-related research and development that does not require a Ph.D. degree. These master�s degree programs teach students specific research skills that can be used in private industry jobs. A master�s degree may suffice for teaching jobs in high schools or at 2-year colleges. Those with bachelor�s degrees in physics are rarely qualified to fill positions in research or in teaching at the college level. They are, however, usually qualified to work as technicians or research assistants in engineering-related areas, in software development and other scientific fields, or in setting up computer networks and sophisticated laboratory equipment. Some may qualify for applied research jobs in private industry or nonresearch positions in the Federal Government. Some become science teachers in secondary schools. Astronomy bachelor�s or master�s degree holders often enter a field unrelated to astronomy, and they are qualified to work in planetariums running science shows, to assist astronomers doing research, and to operate space-based and ground-based telescopes and other astronomical instrumentation. (See the statements on engineers; environmental scientists and geoscientists; computer programmers; computer systems analysts, database administrators, and computer scientists; and computer software engineers, elsewhere in the Handbook.) More than 500 colleges and universities offer a bachelor�s degree in physics. Undergraduate programs provide a broad background in the natural sciences and mathematics. Typical physics courses include electromagnetism, optics, thermodynamics, atomic physics, and quantum mechanics. About 180 colleges and universities have departments offering Ph.D. degrees in physics. More than 70 additional colleges offer a master�s as their highest degree in physics. Graduate students usually concentrate in a subfield of physics, such as elementary particles or condensed matter. Many begin studying for their doctorate immediately after receiving their bachelor�s degree. About 70 universities grant degrees in astronomy, either through an astronomy, physics, or combined physics/astronomy department. Currently, more than 30 departments are combined with the physics department and nearly 40 are administered separately. With fewer than 40 doctoral programs in astronomy, applicants face considerable competition for available slots. Those planning a career in astronomy should have a very strong physics background. In fact, an undergraduate degree in either physics or astronomy is excellent preparation, followed by a Ph.D. in astronomy. Mathematical ability, problem-solving and analytical skills, an inquisitive mind, imagination, and initiative are important traits for anyone planning a career in physics or astronomy. Prospective physicists who hope to work in industrial laboratories applying physics knowledge to practical problems should broaden their educational background to include courses outside of physics, such as economics, information technology, and business management. Good oral and written communication skills also are important because many physicists work as part of a team, write research papers or proposals, or have contact with clients or customers with nonphysics backgrounds. Many physics and astronomy Ph.D. holders begin their careers in a postdoctoral research position, in which they may work with experienced physicists as they continue to learn about their specialty and develop ideas and results to be used in later work. Initial work may be under the close supervision of senior scientists. After some experience, physicists perform increasingly complex tasks and work more independently. Those who develop new products or processes sometimes form their own companies or join new firms to exploit their own ideas. More information on Physicists and astronomers from The U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook Overview of Physicists and astronomers occupation Number of Physicists and astronomers in the U.S. Salary and earnings for Physicists and astronomers Working conditions for Physicists and astronomers Significant points for Physicists and astronomers Training requirements for Physicists and astronomers Labor Information Home | Occupational data by city | Search Rainforests | Madagascar | What's new |